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Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber (12 August 1644 (baptised) – 3 May 1704)〔(Heinrich Biber | biography - Bohemian composer (free version) ), global.britannica.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015〕 was a Bohemian-Austrian composer and violinist. Born in the small Bohemian town of Wartenberg (Stráž pod Ralskem), Biber worked at Graz and Kroměříž before he illegally left his Kremsier (Kroměříž) employer (Prince-Bishop Carl Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn) and settled in Salzburg.〔 He remained there for the rest of his life, publishing much of his music but apparently seldom, if ever, giving concert tours. Biber was one of the most important composers for the violin in the history of the instrument. His technique allowed him to easily reach the 6th and 7th positions, employ multiple stops in intricate polyphonic passages, and explore the various possibilities of scordatura tuning.〔(A SURVEY OF THE UNACCOMPANIED VIOLIN REPERTOIRE, CENTERING ON WORKS BY J. S. BACH AND EUGENE YSAŸE ), drum.lib.umd.edu, p. 19-20〕〔(Biber, Heinrich Ignaz Franz von - Baker's Biographical Dictionary of Musicians ), highbeam.com〕 He also wrote one of the earliest known pieces for solo violin, the monumental passacaglia of the ''Mystery Sonatas''.〔(A SURVEY OF THE UNACCOMPANIED VIOLIN REPERTOIRE, CENTERING ON WORKS BY J. S. BACH AND EUGENE YSAŸE ), drum.lib.umd.edu, p. 12〕 During Biber's lifetime, his music was known and imitated throughout Europe. In the late 18th century he was named the best violin composer of the 17th century by music historian Charles Burney.〔(Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber ), encyclopedia.com. Retrieved 21 February 2015〕 In the late 20th century Biber's music, especially the ''Mystery Sonatas'', enjoyed a renaissance. Today, it is widely performed and recorded.〔 == Biography == Biber was born in Wartenberg, Bohemia (now Stráž pod Ralskem, Czech Republic).〔 Little is known about his early education, other than that he may have studied at a Jesuit Gymnasium at Opava in Bohemia, and that he may have had musical education by a local organist.〔 Before 1668 Biber worked at the court of Prince Johann Seyfried von Eggenberg in Graz, and then was employed by the Bishop of Olomouc, Karl II von Liechtenstein-Kastelkorn, in Kroměříž. Biber's associate from the early 1660s, Pavel Josef Vejvanovský, worked there as director of the Kapelle. Biber apparently enjoyed a good reputation, and his violin playing skills were very highly regarded.〔 In summer 1670 Karl II sent Biber to Absam, near Innsbruck, to negotiate with the celebrated instrument maker Jacob Stainer for the purchase of new instruments for the Kapelle.〔(StainerQuartett: Jacob Stainer ), stainerquartett.ch〕 Biber never reached Stainer, however, and instead entered the employ of the Archbishop of Salzburg, Maximilian Gandolph von Kuenburg.〔 Because Karl and Maximilian were friends,〔 Biber's former employer refrained from taking any action; he was, however, very hurt by the composer's decision, and waited until 1676 to officially issue his release papers. It is not coincidental that most of the autograph compositions Biber sent to Kroměříž date from the early 1670s. Biber remained in Salzburg for the rest of his life.〔 His musical and social careers flourished: he started publishing his music in 1676, performed before the Emperor Leopold I (and was rewarded by him) in 1677, became deputy Kapellmeister at Salzburg in 1679 and Kapellmeister in 1684.〔 In 1690 Biber was raised to nobility by the Emperor, with the title of Biber von Bibern. Finally, the new Archbishop of Salzburg, Johann Ernst, Count Thun, appointed Biber lord high steward, the highest social rank Biber would attain.〔(Heinrich Ignaz Franz von Biber - A Chronology ), bluntinstrument.org.uk〕 The composer was married on 30 May 1672 at the Bishop's summer residence, Hellbrunn Palace, just outside Salzburg.〔(Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber ), salzburg.com〕 His wife Maria Weiss was a daughter of a Salzburg merchant, citizen and tradesman, Peter Weiss. Together they had 11 children, four of whom survived to adulthood.〔 All were musically gifted. Anton Heinrich (1679–1742) and Karl Heinrich (1681–1749) both served as violinists at the Salzburg court, and the latter was promoted to Kapellmeister in 1743. Daughters Maria Cäcilia (born 1674) and Anna Magdalena (1677–1742) became nuns at Santa Clara, Merano, and the Nonnberg Abbey, respectively. Anna Magdalena was an alto singer and a violinist, and in 1727 became director of the choir and the Kapelle of the Abbey.〔 November 3, 1692, Biber was appointed Steward by his Archbishop Johann Ernst.〔 He then received his Coat of arms. Biber died in Salzburg in 1704, and his grave is located in Petersfriedhof.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Heinrich Ignaz Franz Biber」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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